Vietnamese Water Puppet originated from the Red River Delta of Vietnam in the tenth century. Some of the earliest troupes are in Nguyen Xa commune, Đông Hưng district, Thai Binh province. Water puppetry is deeply imbued with the cultural characteristics of the people of this area. This unique art first appeared around the 15th century, when post-harvest, artists who were also farmers would gather to perform and relax. The custom remains today in many localities in the Red River Delta such as Dao Thuc, Phu Da, Dong Ca, Nguyen Xa, Dong Ngu, Nhan Hoa and Nam Chan.
In ancient Vietnam, the rural Vietnamese believed that spirits controlled all aspects of their life, from the kitchen to the rice paddies. That is the reason why the farmers in this region devised a form of entertainment and worship to satisfy these spirits. Water puppetry is the lively creation of farmers who spent their days in flooded rice fields. At some point, they discovered that the water was an excellent medium for puppetry: it not only concealed the puppeteers' rod and string mechanisms, but it also provided exciting effects like waves and splashes.
When water puppetry became more popular, villages competed against each other with their puppet shows. This led puppet societies to be secretive and exclusive, including an initiation ceremony that involved drinking rooster blood.
So far this art form has been unique to North Vietnam. Tourists can enjoy this kind of art all days in a week at Thang Long Puppet Theatre, which is the most well known one in Ha Noi.
Legends and national history are also told through short skits. Many of the skits, especially those involving the tales of day-to-day living, often have a humorous twist.
Water puppetry has always gone hand in hand with festivals. Each Lunar March 13, Bo Duong villagers hold village festival to commemorate their tutelary god. Aside from worship, the festival is also an opportunity for villagers to relax by watching water puppetry, taking in fireworks displays, flying kites and entering cock-fighting contests. The festival always attracts thousands of attendants. Village festivals are great wind down for farmers and artists alike.

Source: Vietnam-beauty

Although born in the mud, but the lotus is not contaminated but has the potential to change life circumstances, because the lotus grows where everyone will make it cloudy where clarification. Lotus has both flavor and color, but the flavor is not too warm but gentle mind, suggests a noble spirit. Lotus discreet, loving, pink and white wings, yellow stamen. From bloom to the fade who do not have to bee or moth catches. Through binding to reach to be about nothing, lotus continues to rise in the sun, opening bud to flower, blooming and incense filled the air.

The formation of the Lotus takes place according to the law of metempsychosis cause of effect. Lotus has the bud - the flower - seeds. The flowers symbolize the past, the lotus shaped lamp support symbolizes the present and lotus seeds symbolize the future, the serial sequence. Thus, the lotus became a symbol of the Buddhist art of the Orient. It symbolizes the beauty of mystical, magical, deep thoughts. Lotus flower also symbolizes the elevating, unyielding of honorable man, clutching heart before the lure of profit, keep themselves clean though in the mud.

From the spiritual significance that, this flower has come into the mind of the people of Vietnam, became icons of architecture and sculpture of the ancient Vietnamese, in art, literature, cuisine ...

Until today, when international friends to Vietnam, the first image they see is the golden lotus Vietnam airline on the flight, which shows the image of enlightenment and perfection; life has just recently noble, sacred, both graceful and soft, but no less sturdy, poise, symbolizes the brave people of Vietnam resilience but honest and open.

1. Lotus image in literature and art

When it mention lotus, as Vietnamese people surely everyone know the fork song:

"In a pond nothing the beautiful than lotus
Green leaves, white flowers, yellow stamens
Yellow stamens, white flowers, green leaves
Near the mud but does not stink mud smell "




When old, Mac Dinh Chi in front of King Tran Anh Tong was represented virtue of poem "Ngoc Tinh Lien (lotus flower in the gem well): For the lotus which has more noble, no flowers comparable, although near the mud that does not stink of mud and besides this lotus plant in the jade well again, then lotus more noble . He was like the lotus, whether in the circumstances is still keep elegant sense of purpose and uprightness,much less the right to a good time, King was judicious then he became more noble. Valuable lotus but you have to know to enjoy ... "

Village where Uncle Ho born also called Lotus village and perhaps most beautiful lotus is compared with the image of Uncle Ho- the father of the nation, the beloved leader of our:

"Thap Muoi most beautiful is lotus flower
Vietnam's most beautiful have name of Uncle Ho "

2. Lotus in the traditional art of Vietnamese

In Vietnam, the subject lotus appears quite early in the visual arts, almost at any time can also be artists in the decorative scheme of places of worship or other cultural works of the community. Lotus is mined, reflecting the many different angles layout, appeared constant across the length of the nation's history through architecture.

Lotus in art of Dinh - Tien Le dynasty

On some large paving bricks at the temple area of King Dinh and King Le temple, outside the phoenix, bird and had lotus topic. Blueprints of the lotus consists of 4 types.

Lotus has 16 of petals are often shown floating on the large square bricks. Looking at the area (from top to bottom), the general layout drawings form a rounded surface between bricks, consists of 3 layers. Outer layer is 16 petalssort equal create a regular ring. The middle layer consists of the twisted form is classified the same way, connect back together into a second ring, probably represents the pistil. Innermost layer is a circle of 13 dots floating, reflecting mirror with lotus seeds. Thirteen of lotus particles are arranged in the next eight runs from the center, balanced and steady. The lotus petal does not touch anything more than a small torus edge on the perimeter of the wing. Type lotus 16 petals met many in this field period later, at the foot of the rock column list so that middle and stamens are not carved anything and it has many similarities with the decorative scheme in the Korea and Japan.

Type lotus 14 petal on a decorated lotus shaped lamp support earthenware, high approx 10.5 cm. Lotus shaped lamp support circle, decorate a flower in the middle of the 14 petal and around the lotus is a daisy and tape the wire dot. In this case, the lotus is also looking at the layout of the exit area from the top down, divided into three classes such as type lotus 16 petals. Second layer do pistil here is very narrow, the stamens is expressed as the minor diagonal line. Innermost layer (lotus mirror), who have rounded pods (shown lotus seeds) many as 21 seeds, including a relatively large particle in the middle and 20 small particles surrounding the 2 round (round and round in 8 out of 12) The lotus seeds are in the middle with two dual concentric circles and inside petals of the lotus is not only a border around edges but still leaves the whole point. Outside of lotus is a piece of wire type vines melon hand (more on next time). The outermost is the dot to each dot is surrounded by two concentric circles like the lotus seeds in the middle.

Lotus flower with 8 petal is also presented by way of looking at the area from above. In addition to eight main wing, with eight sub-ken off between each pair of wings. This decorative motifs on the two types of brick, a square, sized 34 x 34cm and a rectangular shape, size 74cm x 34cm. Square tiles in the lotus layouts, and rectangular types, people split blocks, two lotus flowers decorated on both sides. And short lotus petals in the heart of the petals have a border. Part lotus circle shown in the middle, with nine dots to show the image of the lotus seed with a coarse texture in the middle and eight smaller particles are classified into the side of a circle. Notably, the lotus petal and lotus seed pod without stamen as two type only one tape to smooth.

Lotus flower number is not fixed petals are quite diverse, are decorated at the top of the tile tubes winning drops. What kind of elongated lotus, lotus hat resourceful; have small, short, to shark kind; there is kind of long-torus alternating between the wings. The number is not fixed petals, a petals type 7, type 8, 9 petals, all stylized simplicity, only the lotus petals and mirror's support. There is also a mirror's support when no lotus seeds.

4 kinds of lotus flowers are pretty, proved Dinh - Tien Le time short but also creating products with unique mark in the history of the art.

Lotus in art of the Ly dynasty

This is the time when Buddhism thrived, is regarded as the state religion and lotus decorations are so many applications with the lotus, the Buddha in the lotus pedestal, lotus-shaped structures. Statistics stones for feet to the point of the tower columns, valances and ceramics pedestal ... Where everyone has the right conditions are right for artists to decorate the lotus. Special projects related to Buddhism, the lotus theme as widely used.

Lotus supporting leg pillar: Due to anti-termite and damp so the pins are listed stone columns. Take advantage of it, the artist has decorative border around the lotus, feels like the entire temple is built on the lotus. Lotus feet are the same column with the lotus on the bricks at the time Dinh - Le, the layout of the wing into a circle-style look at the area from above. United wing includes 16 primary and 16 secondary wings. Things are different this time, the scheme does not represent the binary Li lotus and lotus, probably because the column mask. Notably, the heart of the lotus in the Ly relics related to the king, often touching rise further two dragons flanking the leaf problem. Precise definition delicate touch and respect seem noble lotus. Type are also found on some celadon pottery of this period.

Types of projects help the animals sacred lotus, is in the shape of lotus posture inclination to look, as do the lotus dock for the phoenix feet, the phoenix dance schemes in the order (the sheets in her temple, Hanoi internal), lotus as platform for the sacred objects in the image composition easy, or in the orchestra scheme, angels, dragons flanking the (at Phat Tich Pagoda) ... Which generally supported the lotus leaves and topics.


lotus dock for the phoenix feet

Type pattern of lotus flowers combine wireless and other sacred flowers along the tape at the point of the tower or pedestal, this also shows vestige in Long Doi pagoda , Chuong Son towers. Artisan layout changes back to a lotus a daisy, is shown in the circles of wire flowers. Both this circle is almost tangential to meet each other and place a picture of the little angels are in the dance movements. The flowers here wire conventional in nature, actually a lotus leaf, chrysanthemum leaves have different stylized fact. The layout of the scheme in case the lotus is usually styled to look slightly inclined to see the lotus with the lotus seed. The lotus is also divided into two classes as the types of projects lotus sacred objects, but the underlying support of it just as radio has turned into a sweeping circle to take the whole upper part of the lotus. Although quite high but stylized blueprints lotus flowers are placed in the most standard type layout, symmetrical and simple in line and still describe the specific appearance of the lotus.

Lotus-type on celadon pottery is decorated in the heart of a celadon bowl (the museum exhibits the history of Hanoi). Into a small bowl, ivory-colored glaze turns slightly golden brown. Ceramic artisans engraved pattern on the ground, and then bring baked enamel. It is also a popular technique of celadon pottery Ly. The lotus is shown by way of looking sideways, in the heart decorative bowl. The flower stalk back to the center bowl, a lotus flower on a chrysanthemum flower, they are quite independent of each other. Total: 3 lotus and chrysanthemum 3 Lotus of many petals, widening the two sides to comply with the layout symmetry in the entire decorative scheme.

Lotus in art of the Tran dynasty

To the Tran dynasty, the topic is the lotus was succeeded in forming operators such as time of Ly dynasty. Notably, in some brown ceramic flower this time the project appeared lotus style with vivid realism. The only thing to distinguish is the lotus flowers in the heart of the Ly dragon sometimes or creeper flowers, but Tran no exist. Lotus in Tran time usually only hit a submerged torus edge under the edge of the petal and in the center of each petal are sometimes rounded point particles in a symmetrical layout is quite tight.


Lotus support schemes sacred objects such as the Tran plentiful support schemes phoenix feet above the steles in Tong pagoda (Hung Yen), support De leaves the in Thai Lac pagoda, Dau pagoda (Bac Ninh), at the foot of the column, also, especially in Thai Lac pagoda door, lotus support below the Phong statue, a standard theme of this period. On the pedestal of the statue of Tran dynasty are touching into the large lotus. Lotus with two or three layers, alternating, reflecting the popular masses, not just flowery . But there are also pedestal bottom layer farm just a touch decorative borders, the lotus is hit after another around the base, usually to form strong, tightly squeezed into a long line extended with tilt layout that many researchers called crooked lotus. In the heart of the lotus flower pictures more often touched by the circle combination.

Blueprints into stylized lotus flowers lines are used pretty much the Thai Lac pagoda architecture. And perhaps this is the only temple decorations this project. Lotus below the two dragons flanking the leaves are all formal offer or winding above the "cloud", where the head of his maiden with human head birds body are just offering flowers.


De leaves


Patterns on ceramic lotus flowers brown: Baked brown flowers are born at the end of the Ly and Tran dynasty thrive in, including many types, different designs. Type to like pots, crock. There are small, such as bowls, plates, jars, ... Today artifacts left at some museums like the Museum of History, Museum of Fine Arts or the local museum in Hanoi, Nam Dinh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Thanh Hoa, Ha Tay.vv.. Others are in private collections at home and abroad. On the pottery is usually divided into cells or into a tape to decorate using paint pens to the ground, then glaze and then brings heated liners. Topics include different types of decorative with lotus which accounts in large numbers. Lotus-type pattern is simple, just draw a sharp line but a few, as is the case in a pot collection of National Museum of Belgium, most of them are drawn in a sideways way of looking at ... From a flower stalk at the bottom to rise up and then poured into two side petals wrapped around a station in the middle of the mirror's support. Two petals are embracing the same lotus, blooming garden petals to the sides and wide bottom petals down below. So simple, but because the lotus is not removed within a framework for any post should look very lively. Artist's sketch released diaphragm comfortable here. When they make a bold emphasis to a lotus, sometimes raising slid a detailed description of the flower or stem of a lotus. Each cell a flower, each flower a design, can stand alone or in combination with a few trees and lotus. Special projects on an pottery tower of Hai Duong museum, artists also draw more lotus and lotus leaves many design, layout leaves look the way down into the area from the circle to the array, see clearly the details of the veins. In a brown glaze jars History Museum in Hanoi, the lotus flower back into the layout winding wires are bent round. Each box is a lotus, looking sideways layout style, flowers such as both sides poured out at the other brown ceramic flowers. Festoon has many leaves, with leaves like a lotus, with leaves like the leaves of chrysanthemum that looks very lively.

Lotus in art of the Le preliminary

At the time Le preliminary, limited Buddhism, the temples are not developed, but the lotus is still the subject much attention. The lotus is not only decorated on the statue pedestal, base on foot temple columns, but also in various grades and imperial palaces on both the Ph.D stele in Van Mieu .

Lotus on the outside of the palace as in Kinh Thien (Hanoi), Lam Kinh (Thanh Hoa), the Van Mieu (Hanoi). Although the form of around the flowers creeper but still the center of the lotus flower. Lotus-style show looking sideways, clearly both layers of flowers. In the flower bud is secret sort not bloom. Next is the layer of lotus petals are the two sides shining like the layout of the blade of a fan. Because they are highly stylized, so difficult to recognize here the familiar lotus.

In wall of Lam Kinh palace is like the lotus in the step of Kinh Thien. Notably, there are several type not the brunch petal, which is both a lotus form an array as big as the lotus leaf and in between are the stylized twist. On the doorstep of Van Mieu (Hanoi), the lotus is still shown the exit spiral, lotus in the middle is touching way of looking sideways. Clearly the 3 into the lotus type have the same style shows. It is highly stylized way twisted, pure lines and sharp touch.

Lotus at the of stele valance: Some preliminary Le stele as Ph.D stele in Van Mieu (Hanoi - 1484), stele in Cao pagoda (Ha Tay - 1505) ... are decorated with lotus flowers mixed with the other. Lotus style layout to look sideways, while flowers are gather , most stations covering the mirror's support, above the 3-layer petals are placed close together, the bottom has 3 small petals and large bloom. It is a case of stele valances in Cao pagoda. Also at the Temple of Literature stele is the same but the layout is somewhat simpler. In between are two lotus radio embraced the mirror, outside 5 petals next to it are the other sides, like the lotus pedestal Ngoc Kham Pagoda (Bac Ninh - XVII century)


Statue in Ngoc Kham Pagoda with lotus shaped lamp support


The lotus pedestal on the statue: The statue stands Le preliminary, as the base of the pagoda Kham Lang (Bac Giang - 1432), Cao pagoda (Ha Tay-1505) ... are decorated lotus. The style and details of the patterns closely resemble the lotus pedestal on the Tran. Especially in Kham Lang pagoda, in addition to the lotus, lotus has been touched by layer overlapping only see half picture, so that the tape length. Overlap style layout has also been found in the Tran dynasty. In Cung Kiem pagoda, at the foot of the pedestal stone Buddha dating to 1449, also shows a lotus floating on the waves, hit the exit looks slightly tilted, the lotus petals surrounding a lotus bub in the middle, leaves the external have wave shape, simple layout, little more.

Lotus image in the visual arts Vietnam is a very rich subject, expressed in many forms of decorative art and architecture for each period of national history. It not only provides valuable material for life, but also provide invaluable spiritual values with the Vietnamese. So the lotus image is not just inspired works of the craftsmen of old, but today modern artists still have more work successfully with the lotus theme, in many ways looks and language shape different, but they express the timeless aesthetic value of flowers that had crept into the soul of ethnic Vietnamese.

3. Lotus in the food culture of Vietnam:

From the influence of the lotus in the spiritual life of the people of Vietnam that led to the top of the lotus food culture.

The lotus flower parts are processed into the signature dish, with bold flavors of Vietnam as lotus jelly, lotus tea. Lotus in Tinh Tam lake of Hue ancient tea is used to marinate the king. People marinated tea at night. Lotus stamen is revealed when both heaven and earth are harmony, incense is still flowing. Tea is placed inside the flower and then tied through the night to absorb the entire tea lotus flavor. The next morning, the collection of tea, lotus tea scented Hue so pure and strong to passionately of people.

Hue lotus tea with lotus seeds, fresh, peeled, peel thin layers of silk, bore witness to the heart and cook in a bain-marie, with alum sugar that fragrance. Lotus tea scoop to ancient bowl in the small blue, only five or seven of golden lotus seed. During holidays or rider anniversary, lotus tea is something important almost indispensable in the food festival. There is only one bowl alone is enough to enjoy the "national spirit" of Hue !

In addition, people also use Hue lotus to cook lotus rice very well known in the traditional cuisine of Hue. How to cook lotus rice also very picky, the only real woman Hue mood is calm identity "daughter of a royal" that can cook lotus rice. In these dishes, "eight weapons," lotus rice appeared with a style of Hue. Those who want to enjoy lunch visit the ancient capital Hue lotus in the lotus bloom season. In addition, there are many dishes from lotus bring more flavor and excellent Hue flavor.

There is a special feature is that the North of Vietnam usually used lotus leaf to package Com. The green grain jade Com becomes more flexible when located in the heart of fresh lotus leaves. Sweet fragrance of lotus leaf dissolve with Com flavor. It is a wonderful harmony that anyone has ever remember enjoying.

Hanoi the days in October autumn still gentle sun morning, a little north-east wind in the street, sweet fragrance of milk every night. Hanoi peaceful way, come right away once but will forever carry nostalgia.
"Not born in Hanoi, but I always wanted to say thank you here." It was said of Nguyen The American, 85 years old in 12 Minh Khai, Ha Noi. He said the four seasons of Hanoi are beautiful. But maybe, Hanoi autumn with him is the most beautiful, sweetest. Because the collection date of 56 years ago, Hanoi is where young soldier Nguyen The My meet lovers again after many years. This day, on victory pleasure, happiness  when he met wife in the army takeover of the capital. A love so far apart by war and reunion back in the day. His wedding that 304 Division was held at Xuan Mai small post
Falls past, Hanoi many changes but Hanoi autumn is fond, full the nostalgic beauty. Love for Hanoi so, over the years to earnest, more deep. He said : Despite living in the heart of Hanoi is always awake to remember about this place as the memory of a way of home. Sounds strange but also very easy to understand, because when a loving heart stopped beating the miss rate.

With Ms Le Boi Huyen in 419 lane Giai Phong street, Hanoi is the memory array is not known the name. She recalls: Capital release date in 1954, her family is in the suburbs of Hanoi. In her imagination Huyen 10 years old, the mother's narrative, Hanoi celebrated that day and very happy, always full of flags in streets.

Growing up, the more profound memories, nostalgia Hanoi deeply. Undermining the war years, she was evacuated families in Bac Ninh. Every time you return, though busy, she still visited Hoan Kiem lake to drink coffee. There was afraid late hours of the train, not drink coffee. It's simple, she is so in Hanoi, romantic memories are like smog, a kind of love has no age.

"My family stayed Tran Hung Dao street near Hanoi train station. Each trip was a chance that we would return home from Hanoi train station walk down to the library, go to the Quang Trung street to Thien Quang Lake play. Autumn in Hanoi is quite cold now. Hanoi fall deposition without any real alternative "- Ms. Huyen said.

Each has a unique way to express love to Hanoi. Simple as Mr. Duong Vu Han, a retired union workers, it is eating Com cream between Hanoi sky. He said: "Thuy Ta cream is very close and familiar with the Hanoi, every time you are traveling around the lake, the people never stop in here because it is a very good point. Mid-air in Hanoi fall, enjoy ice cream most  is ice Com cream, the more meaningful. Fall is beautiful forever, every era has its own beauty. Fall in Hanoi also has memories from the old days, there are currently busy and dream about the future. "

Hanoi fall memories of him are very far these days with my friends riding through the streets filled with yellow Sau season replace leaves, delicate of milk flowering, sweet flavor of Ylang ylang.

40 years away Hanoi, but with Ms Do Thi Hoang Yen in Ward 10, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh city, though thousands of miles way, where the South is full sun, but each city roof moss, pensive turtle tower, roads, trees such as Hanoi's still very close. One-way travel between Saigon rain or accidentally through a flower color, a scent on the street, listening to a song, enjoy a delicious Hanoi suddenly missed overflow.

Every time you came home, she is still nervous, waiting, still excited like children are swooping into the mother's bowels: "I'm three times to Hanoi. Upon returning to the first emotion and memory training in Hanoi too, want to return soon and visit the old house of my neighbor. I return to the North in 1985, the West Lake restaurant and wonderful dessert shrimp cake. In the South has dishes but also in Hanoi."

Cyclo is a vehicle using human and have 3 wheels used to transport passengers or goods, usually one or two chairs for visitors and a place for drivers. The driver also run it as regular bikes, some with motors to help take the effort to help the driver, if any motor is called cyclos. Usually three-wheel pedicabs, there is some kind of wheel. Bicycle drag bucket passenger behind became known as vehicle cabs error, common in the Southwest region. Pedicab runners usually ride behind the passenger; many people ride in the front.

From "cyclo" derives from the French cyclo.

According Wikipedia

 

 

Bao Dai (1913 - 1997)

Bao Dai dating

Year of birth, death dates 1913-1997

Reign period 1925 - 1945

Temple name

Name Huy Nguyen Phuc Thien, Nguyen Phuc Vinh Thuy


Prince Vinh Thuy born September 23 in Buffalo Do (23-10-1913), King Khai Dinh lost when the Prince Vinh Thuy he was studying at the French (since 1922). Governor French Monguillot council ordered the establishment of new sub-Ton Han by his head and represents the government of Vietnam to sign a new treaty with France. Under this agreement, the mission will Kham is chairman of Vietnam's cabinet, and from Hue Imperial wire will no longer own the budget anymore.

Day of At-Ox 14-11 years, Royal Prince Vinh Thuy was regarded as king is taking dating to Bao Dai. Complete king, Bao Dai district court assignments for the board side and turned to France in 1932 to study for a new return. Under King Bao Dai book, but regain the administration to reform the country but faced opposition from the conservative French government was obstructing, he found himself disappointed by the king nor pricking bored frustrated, threw herself into the hunt, play sports, ...

May 3-1945, Japan beat France upside down to help and declared independence for Vietnam. Dated 11-3-1945 of the members present declared Imperial Hue Vietnam regained sovereignty, abolish protection treaty in 1884. Dated 17-3-1945 King Bao Dai disbanded Privy Council (up from Minh Mang) and delivered to Mr. Tran Trong Kim Cabinet established a new principle of "people because you", in the composition of the Cabinet West is the largest study (such as Hoang Xuan Han ,...), but since the establishment of the Cabinet, Tran Trong Kim did nothing for the rights of both are in Japanese hands off!

Dated 19-8-1945, Vietnamese Minh occupied the government in the North, protested the Hanoi Opera House to hear the claims of Vietnam Minh National Salvation Front. The same day this year (according to Philippe Devilliers) of Vietnam radio station broadcasting a show of King Bao Dai send national sacrifice required to keep people independent and King ready to "make the people an independent state also king water than a slave. ".

Dated 24-8-1945, King Bao Dai received a telegram written by the Revolutionary People's Committee of Bac content type as follows: "A government People's Revolutionary established, the president is specific Ho Chi Minh. abdicated king required immediately to strengthen and unify the country's independence. ". Then copy the books in Hue, Ho Chi Minh nobody knows who, after an investigation known as Ho Chi Minh Nguyen Ai Quoc Bao Dai, the last king uttered the sentence in French: "Ca vaut bien le coup alors!" (How it is worth-you-quit!)

Dated 08/25/1945, Emperor Bao Dai abdicated published reference. 26/08/1945 King Day ceremony at The Temple and government representatives on 30/8/1945 Revolutionary including Mr. Tran Huy Lieu, Nguyen Luong Bang Cu Huy Can and sealed with the king of search at border Ngo Mon (Hue).

Nguyen Dynasty ended after 143-year reign (1802-1945).

After World War II, the French returned to Indochina and attempted to retake Vietnam. In 1946, the exiled former Emperor Bao Dai Hong Kong side. In 1948, France did not finish that should seek to bring about the former Emperor Bao Dai government to establish a "primary means", the former Emperor Bao Dai French claim to determine any type 3 (uniform) and for independent Vietnam, France show seem to compromise and signed with the former Emperor Bao Dai Ha-Long treaty on 5-6-1948 (with Mr Commissioner Emile Bollaert), elected as National Chief of the former emperor, but in re-claim treaty controls the military, financial and diplomacy! former Emperor Bao Dai unhappy to give up to France (but still operating remotely).

By 1954, after the Geneva conference divided Vietnam from the 17th parallel, the former Emperor Bao Dai had invited him as Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem in Saigon, the last in 1955 the U.S. officials in Saigon to help his team Ngo Dinh Diem employees a "referendum" to overthrow the former Emperor Bao Dai and his religion as he became President.

Former Emperor Bao Dai died in Paris in July 1997.

Dong Khanh (1885 - 1889)

Dong Khanh dating

Year of birth, death dates 1864-1889

Reigned 1885-1889 period

Landscape temple name Emperor Tong Chun

Alternate names Huy Nguyen Phuc Nguyen Phuc Mong District


King Ham Nghi was found escape imperial uprising against the French flag, he sent General of De Courcy De Champeaux on Tu Du audience she is the mother tongue of King Tu Duc to get set up as King Chief Mong. August 6 At Dau lunar year (1885), adopted Monday by King Tu Duc, named chief must personally to the Mong Kham ordination ceremony, the French Ambassador, was regarded as King, is taking dating to Dong Khanh .

Tran Trong Kim wrote the book "King Dong Khanh gentle character, or jewelry and would like the new single, the very heart of the French", in other words, the King Dong Khanh in France.

At that time, King Ham Nghi was still in port in Quang Binh, French military forces put up on this area, he saw how weak Ton theory, do not fight against the French should stay out of King Ham Nghi rumors of Tuyen Hoa district then said that asked for help to China. Mr. Ton Theory stay with the ship and die old in Guangdong Province (Tran Trong Kim said his book on the theory of Lai Chau and rely upon them to be, time to hear out their line up to fight the French but escaped to China by Liao).

King Dong Khanh Quang Binh to take himself out for example, King Ham Nghi and the entourage of goods, promised to rule three provinces of Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh, but without success.

By January Rat (1888), King Ham Nghi was named Quang Ngoc Truong servant should take the money and some people attacked the camp to the King at night during sleep, killing military entourage including Ton Card (child Ton's theory), and bring the King of France to submit to get rewards. This time the king was 18 years old, was arrested from King Ham Nghi not say anything necessarily deny that he just is not the king (with the French books are very confused on whether content is king no doubt, bureaucrats in the area to worship the king as a network, but do not know, but when the king is old school teacher Thuan Nguyen visited the couple greet King Ham Nghi, from which new members Dabat sure the French King Ham Nghi). King Ham Nghi exiled French Ambassador to Algeria, where the King is married to a Frenchman, has 3 children, 2 girls 1 guy, and died in 1944. Remains were later moved to France.

On 27 December in Rat (28-1-1889) King Dong Khanh disease that takes life, at home for 3 years, dies at age 26.

(Later the name was Truong Quang Ngoc Phan Dinh Phung-Van Than party in Can Vuong movement error troops rounded up and bring it beheaded for crimes of selling the King)